Dr. Brenda J. Little Essays - Electrochemistry, Free Essays

Dr. Brenda J. Little Essays - Electrochemistry, Free Essays Dr. Brenda J. Little Dr. Brenda J. Little of the Naval Research Laboratory Stennis Space Center is the beneficiary of the 1995 Ladies in Science and Engineering Award. This honor perceives explicit or extraordinary logical or specialized commitments by a lady researcher in the Government administration and explicit commitments made by a lady researcher toward empowering little youngsters and ladies to seek after science or building professions, or upgrade work, limited time or advancement open doors for ladies researchers in their field. Dr. Little, leader of the Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion Section at NRL, has taken a shot at MIC ventures for the Department of Energy and the U. S. Armed force, and has filled in as a specialist to the U. S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Atomic Energy Laboratory of Canada. Notwithstanding her achievements in fundamental exploration, Dr. Little likewise chips away at U. S. Naval force stages to recognize and control MIC. Her examination has been utilized to decide the reason for erosion disappointments in weapons frameworks, seawater channeling frameworks, stockpiling tanks and other U. S. Naval force gear. She is as of now examining parasitic developments on wooden spools and consumption of wire ropes used to move individuals and weapons between ships. In 1988 Dr. Minimal got a patent honor for a creative double cell erosion estimating gadget, the main distributed strategy for measuring the electrochemical effect of microorganisms on metal surfaces. In 1985 she was chosen by the National Science Foundation as one of eight American Scientists to go to a workshop on biodeterioration in La Plata, Argentina, and to go to a comparative NSF workshop in Paris, France in 1988. Dr. Little is a subordinate educator at the University of Southern Mississippi and Montana State University, what's more, has community oriented exploration with specialists at Harvard University, University of Southern California, College of South Alabama, University of Tennessee, Texas A&M University, Naval Surface Warfare Focus, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The Singing River Chapter of the American Business Women's Association chose Dr. Little as one of the ten 1990 Women of the Year on the Gulf Coast for her interest in programs for ladies in science and innovation. She has been keynote speaker for a few Women in Science and Technology Conferences for the Mississippi Gulf Coast Community College, has taken an interest in profession day programs supported by the Young lady Scouts Chapters of Mississippi, and has introduced addresses at respects classes in science and science also, nearby schools. She is an individual from the American Chemical Society, the Adhesion Society, the Electrochemical Society, the National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Sigma Xi, Federally Employed Women, and the Mississippi Academy of Science. She has served the Gulf Coast Chapter of Sigma Xi as secretary, president-elect, president and past president. Notwithstanding various execution grants, Dr. Little was chosen for's Who in Technology Today and American Men and Women in Science in 1986, got NRL distributions grants in 1981 what's more, 1986, got a development grant and Best NRL Patent Award for 1989, and the NRL Alan Berman Exploration Publication Award in 1994.

Stonehenge Essays (983 words) - Henges, Durrington Walls, Stonehenge

Stonehenge Whalon Herbert Human sciences 108 17 November 2000 Dr. Ringle, Professor Stonehenge is no ifs, ands or buts the most fascinating landmark with regards to Europe. The ring of stones remaining in the open inconceivability of Salisbury Plain is a suggestive picture of miracle and riddle. (Scarre, 130) Stonehenge is both customary and interesting in Britain beautiful history. It is conventional in that it falls inside an entire class of landmarks portrayed by round banks and dump, or by rings of standing stones. Its uniqueness is inundated inside the size of the stones, the unpredictability of their game plan, and the adjusting of the lintels on the uprights. There are three other significant landmarks in Britain, and keeping in mind that they dont get a similar thought as Stonehenge, they also tempt a lot of examination. While the remarkable qualities of Stonehenge just assistance to strengthen its wonder, the ambiguities of its goal suggest conversation starters that today are still not replied. This paper will talk about monumentality as it analyzes to the four significant henge walled in areas in Britain. The landmarks, to be specific Stonehenge, Avebury, Marden, and Durrington Walls, will be utilized related to talking about what purposes landmarks can serve, just as what the remaining parts of a site can enlighten us regarding the way of life of a general public. Avebury The most popular neighbor of Stonehenge, the Great Circles at Avebury, was worked between c. 2,500 and 2,200 BC. Together the two locales delineate two significant general qualities of the way of life of the Bronze Age: the huge scope and self-assured perspective on keeps an eye on relationship with nature and the practically hyper industriousness of a people held by a fixation. (Castleden, 93) The Avebury site comprises of 2 enormous stone circles inside the casing of a bigger circle traversing twenty-eight and a half sections of land. The stones of Avebury are noteworthy in two different ways. They appear to have been molded normally with no tooled dressing, for example, recognized the later Stonehenge stones, and they appear to have been put on the other hand in two fundamental shapes-tall with vertical sides, and wide, diamonded formed. (Hawkins, 83) It is believed that these two shapes represented the male and female standards and that their cautious determination and rotation s how that the manufacturers regarded some fruitfulness faction. It has likewise been contemplated that Avebury was the most significant sanctuary meeting place in the zone and presumably in the entire British Isles, until Stonehenge outperformed it. The wellspring of the colossal stone sarsens was site 17 miles south of Avebury. Despite the fact that they were at that point framed generally, they were half covered in soil, so the main undertaking was to switch them out onto sledges utilizing timber pillars. Creativity of this gauge shows the proficiency of the perspectives engaged with the development of Avebury. Indeed, even factors like erosion were considered. Durrington Walls The enormous round earthwork arranged north of the town of Amesbury in south Wiltshire, England has been one of the more ignored ancient landmarks, eclipsed by the visual effect of Stonehenge. An ancient stately circle, Durrington Walls was most likely shaped during the last frigid scene, between around 30,000 to 50,000 years prior. The bank that Durrington Walls is based on reveals to us much about the land in that piece of Britain. On the highest point of the dirt and entering for a separation of around 7 cm is a rich yet limited store of decline which delivered stoneware of before Neolithic sort, rocks, bones, and charcoal. (Wainwright, 54) These things delivered a radiocarbon date of 2450 BC. The ecological proof, in light of an examination of the dirt profile protected underneath the bank of the walled in area and on an investigation of land snails and dust from the dirts, shows a particular period of ancient forest leeway and conceivable development preceding the development of the fenced in area. (Wainwright, 54) The disclosure of more ceramics, stone devices, bone, and prong gives a lot of knowledge with respect to what assets were accessible to ranchers and developers of this period. Their bounty and dispersion, particularly in the trench encompassing the Walls shows how devices were usually utilized and disposed of. The shifting measure of ancient rarities found at various areas signifies that provisions were not generally in such plenitude that they could generally be disposed of freely. Unmistakably the exertion spoke to in the development of Avebury

Digital Crime Scenario

Advanced Crime Scenario Acquaintance According with the insight administration, online extortion has been the most normally utilized sort of advanced wrongdoing. Notwithstanding that, they have discharged a report that says that one out of each ten clients of the web has one after another or the other been a casualty of the online fraudsters who act like customers or venders or product (Harkins, 2011). This incited the administration to make a site where one can have the option to report any frequencies of web based fraud.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Digital Crime Scenario explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thesis Statement regarding the given inquiry, this paper will a situation that subtleties of a computerized online extortion and will likewise give the particular detail of the misrepresentation. Situation of an online extortion A generally excellent case of an online misrepresentation is the place web clients succumb to the rebel security programming that is fo und over the web. This kind of programming is utilized to fool the web client into purchasing and introducing a phony antivirus which in term assumes control over the activities of the PC (Harkins, 2011). This rebel security programming can show up on a site as a commercial which in more often than not educates that web client regarding their success for being a guest to the site and once it has been clicked it naturally introduces itself into the working arrangement of the PC (Bird, 2011). The site will at that point show an admonition of an infection in the PC working framework and will at that point urge the web client to purchase and introduce an antivirus that they have. The web client will feel free to purchase the antivirus without understanding that it's anything but a real antivirus. The antivirus then introduces its parts into the PC which may show up in numerous structures. When the segments have been introduced, the site will keep on alarming the web client of progressiv ely malignant segments and will bait the web client into paying for additional administrations. The segments will at that point incapacitate a portion of the parts that are engaged with the uninstalling of the malware in order to prevent the client from having the option to uninstall the segments that are in the working framework (Bryant, 2008). The engineers of this maverick security programming will play with the web user’s psyche to have the option to make him/her compensation for administrations utilizing his/her charge cards yet nothing is being done to fix the circumstance. This sort of misrepresentation represent half of the web ad that are seen every day and this gives a more probable possibility for web clients to have the option to fall into the snares of the web fraudsters.Advertising Looking for report on software engineering? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These designers make an issue for the web clien t who taps on the phony ads that are shown on sites and from there on charge him/her bunches of cash in order to ready to fix the difficult which isn't what they will do. They rather keep making more issues for the web client and keep tricking him/her into paying for the administrations of attempting to expel the malware that has been introduced into the working arrangement of the PC (Thorsteinson, 2009). All in all, for the designers of the maverick security programming to have the option to bait the web clients into their snares, they are making a promotion that illuminates that web client regarding a success from visiting the site and after he/she has snap of the success, malware is naturally introduced into his/her PC along these lines allowing to the engineer to charge the web client for the administrations of evacuating the malware. References Bird, R. (2011). CyberLaw: Text and Cases, Oklahoma, OK: Cengage Learning. Bryant, R. (2008). Exploring Digital Crime, London, UK: Oxfo rd University Press. Harkins, B. (2011). Rebel Software. London, UK: John Wiley and Sons. Thorsteinson, P. (2009). Net Security and Cryptography, New York, NY: Sage.

Hillary Clinton Is A Female Figure - Free Essay Example

Hillary Clinton is a female figure and is well known around the world. Hillary Clinton is married to former US President Bill Clinton. Hillary Clinton is an American politician, and served as the First lady, from 1993 to 2001. Clinton (Hillary) also served from 2001 to 2009, as the Junior US Senator for the state of New York . In addition , Clinton was also the 67th United States Secretary of state from 2009 to 2013. Hillary Clinton ran for presidency twice in the last decade, and lost in both elections. Clinton lost to former president Barack Obama and lost to current president Donald Trump. In both occurrences she won the majority of popular votes but was over passed in the delegate votes. Hillary clinton is known as a Democrat but it wasnt always that way. Hillary Clinton was at one point a Republican, campaigning for Barry Goldwater in 1964. Clinton ended up switching parties in 1968, and went on to work for Democratic nominee, George McGovern in 1972 and Jimmy Carter in 1976. Hillary Clinton is a very well rounded person , sharing many different traits such as knowledge and experience in law, politics, factory working, being nominated and receiving a grammy, journalism, and creative writing. Hillary Clinton has an arsenal of books written by her. Such as, Hard Choices, Living History, An Invitation to the White House: At Home with History, Dear Socks, Dear Buddy: Kids Letters to the First Pets, It Takes a Village: And Other Lessons Children Teach Us, The Unique Voice of Hillary Rodham Clinton, and What now ?. Although only 3 of all the books mentioned were best sellers, its still impressive to have 7 books under her belt even though she isnt an established Writer. One book in particular , What Now ?, caught my attention because Clinton describes the outcomes and the life after her loss in the presidential election. She describes many different ways on how she coped with the reality and pain that the presidential loss brought to her. Clinton shows off her different styles of writing from bibliographies to childrens books. Hillary Diane Rodham was born on October 26, 1947. Hillary Clinton is the big sister of two younger brothers, she was raised in the middle class neighborhood of Park Ridge ,just outside of Chicago Illinois . Coming from humble beginnings ,Hillarys childhood was the picture of the American Family. Her mother ,Dorothy Rodham , was a homemaker and her father, Hugh Rodham, designed and sold drapes. Despite Hillary coming from a republican household and one with traditional views, her parents both decided that their daughter was too intelligent to and too ambitious to be held back and live a mediocre life. Or for anyone to say that she couldnt do something because she was a girl. Outside of being a normal kid involved in various sports such as softball , and swimming. Hillary became obsessed with politics and this was an interest that would be encouraged and fostered by her father. Between Girl Scout meetings , the student council, and the school newspaper at Maine East High, Hillary was volunteering in political campaigns. At the age of 13 she followed the 1960 U.S. presidential election very close, Hillary uncovered evidence of electoral fraud against republican candidate Richard Nixon. She got to action , getting the word out campaigning anyway that she could, but later on in her career this would be a guys mess should have to clean up. In Hillarys late teens she found that her childhood supportive Republican party did not pair well with her developing involvement in civil rights and anti-war movements. Midway through her degree at Wellesley College Hillary decided to switch teams and become a democrat. Pursuing her interest in politics and Justice Hillary Clinton decided to sign up for Yale Law School in 1971 and there she would become friends with a man named Bill Clinton, who will later go on to become the 42nd US president.

Management and Employees - 2505 Words

Chapter 1 What human resource management-related steps did siegel take to help get Tyco back on the right track? Do you think she took the appropriate steps? What, if anything, do you suggest she do now? Laurie Siegel was recruited from Honeywell international to help rebuild Tyco. Laurie siegel was appointed as the senior vice president of the human resources at Tyco international; she took over the job just after numerous charges forced the company’s previous board of directors and top executives to leave the firm. The following are the related steps seigel took to help get Tyco back on the right track: 1. Effective recruitment and selection process: Since in Tyco due to the recent account scandal most of its top management and†¦show more content†¦Workings individually or in the groups, compile a list of potentially discriminatory management practices you should avoid. The potentially list of discriminatory practices which should be avoided are as follows: 1. The information about the job opening should be made available in all open forums, the existing employees and future prospective employees should be easily able to access the information about the job openings. We should avoid word of mouth and publish the information about job opening in internet, intranet, print and other media. 2. We should avoid giving misleading information or any false information on work opportunities or procedures for obtaining them. 3. Any type of favourism should be avoided either during recruitment, supervising or promoting an employee. No employee or prospective candidates should be discriminated based on age, race, religion, sex. 4. Avoid giving preference to any employee or candidate as they are close to you or because they are your friends or relatives, this practice should be strictly avoided. 5. Make sure that the supervisors, management, employees don’t have any policies which are not abiding by the law of the land and that all of them are following the policies formulated. 6. Any inherent bias or discrimination if being found to be done proper remedial action should be taken so that employees haveShow MoreRelatedManagement And Management Of Monitoring Employees846 Words   |  4 PagesA managers are individuals that disseminate task, information to their employees, and monitors their work to verify that the job is being done efficiently. Besides monitoring employees, one of their main goal are to ensure that the company is earning the largest possible revenue in order to pay their employees, other expenses, and to net a profit so that money can also be saved for a â€Å"rainy days†. For example, buying or repairing of equipment or dealing with civil law suits. According to Robbin CoulterRead MoreManagement Performance Evaluation Of Employees963 Words   |  4 PagesManagers’s play a huge role in performance evaluation of employees. There are several factors that contribute to how managers assess performance evaluation, these components are orientation, training, development, feedback, and annual performance appraisals (). Human Resource managers are important to the performance appraisal process, because they make sure that the appraisal is fair, detailed, and the managers are handling the appraisals professionally(). In order to properly ensure that the performanceRead MoreThe Management Hierarchy Of Female Employees1274 Words   |  6 PagesAs a CEO, I sit at the top of the management hierarchy, but still report to the board of directors. The board of directors has the power to evaluate my performance, set my compensation, overturn my strategy, and make other decisions. 2. First challenge 2.1 Diversity One of the primary challenges is that female employees in a number of our branch offices have informally complained that our organization has more men than women in management positions. We can describe this challenge is workforce diversityRead MoreManagement And Organization : Key Employees1200 Words   |  5 PagesManagement and Organization: Key Employees: Store Manager/Salesperson – Qualifications/Responsibilities: Forever Young will hire one full-time employee to act as the store manager and lead salesperson. In terms of personal traits, this person will be highly motivated and independently make certain decisions as a team member. This person will have a college degree and possess emotional intelligence. This will allow them to have great communication skills, to be personable, approachable, and capableRead MoreEffective Management And Leadership Of Employees1424 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Change management is vital in a work environment that is constantly evolving. It involves the application of the appropriate planning, skills, and procedures to effectively implement change and achieve its successful adoption. Every manager should have such skills to understand how to manage change, solve employee resistance to change, and how to ensure ownership of company’s goals by the employees (Kotter, 1995). Effective management and leadership of employees are crucial to the accomplishmentRead MoreManagement Challenge of Motivating Employees2211 Words   |  9 Pagesof the major challenges management faces is motivatingemployees to do their best at work. Successful organizations have motivatedand enthusiastic employees. In this paper I will summarize three articles I’ve found in Harvard Business Review and relate them to chapter 16 from our text on motivation. In this summary I will show the relationship between a motivated workforce and corporate performances. I will then apply the concepts from the articles and the text to management in a personal organizationalRead MoreRisk Management Program For New Employees1144 Words   |  5 PagesThe risk management program in any business, especially in a health care organization is an integral part of its day to day operation. The purpose of the risk management department is summed up by Kavaler Alexander (2014), â€Å"†¦a progr am designed to reduce the incidence of preventable accidents and injuries to minimize the financial loss to the institution should any accident or injury occur† (p. 5). Protecting employees, patients, vendors and visitors is an ongoing process and one that needs toRead MoreThe Needs Of Employees And Various Types Of Management927 Words   |  4 Pages Employee Motivation Stephanie Nix American Public University â€Æ' Executive Summary This is an essay on two different theories and how they outline the needs of employees and various types of management. The relationship between motivation and success in groups and organizations will be analyzed. Employee Motivation Motivation is a state of mind, desire, energy or interest that translates into action. (Nahavandi, Denhardt, Aristigueta 2015). An employee’s willingness toRead MorePerformance Management : Effective And Support Employees Essay1463 Words   |  6 PagesPerformance management aims to manage and improve individual performance with a vision to improving performance across the entire business. (Walter. M, 1995) defines performance management as the process of â€Å"Directing and supporting employees to work as effectively and efficiently as possible in line with the needs of the organisation†. It is very important to direct and support employees to work efficiently, and this can only be successful if a well-structured performance management system is putRead MoreIndividual And Group Behaviour Management Of Employees1520 Words   |  7 PagesIndividual and group behaviour management of employees Task 1 Organisational structure and culture Organisations have different structures and cultures according to their needs to achieve their goals and objectives. Functional Structure Functional structure is made up so that each part of the organisation is grouped according to its purpose. There may be several different departments such as, marketing department, a sales department and a production department. Each department could have their

Editing, Cinematography, and Sound in Gladiator Essay...

Editing, Cinematography, and Sound in Gladiator The film that I have chosen to analyse is Gladiator. I have chosen to analyse the scene where the gladiators are battling in the Middle East. The scene contains many features and editing techniques which make the fight sequence exciting and thrilling. The scene begins with a medium high angle shot of a goat with blood dripping down its body. This shot frames the body of the goat and gives it a sense of vulnerability. The shot creates meaning to the viewer who can predict that the scene might contain violence or bloodshed of some sort. The camera then zooms outward into an establishing shot to give the viewer an idea of the setting. The mise en†¦show more content†¦The lighting is very low key and most of the light filters from the roof, overhead. The overhead lighting dominates the gladiatorÂ’s faces and brings out their facial features. This effect shows the faces of the gladiatorÂ’s and their anticipation of the battle which is about to commence. Non diegetic orchestral music starts to begin once more building the tension. The camera then cuts into a close up of every gladiator whilst moving slowly to the side where it stops and gives us a side view shot of the gladiatorÂ’s showing in detail their facial expressions. This is where the dialogue of the main character begins and the camera moves slowly to a medium low angle shot, thus giving the character a sense of authority. The character speaks slowly and when he accentuates an important point the camera moves to a close up of the main character of the film (Russell Crowe), showing the viewer his feelings and his anticipation. In the background there is the external diegetic sound of the crowd chanting, kill, kill, kill. This along with the orchestral music sounds like a heart beat as there is a short pause between every chant. Again the heart beat sound reiterates the anticipation of the gladiators; this is effective as it makes the scene more exciting and exhilarati ng to watch. The mimic of the heart beat and chanting are

How Am I Different From You free essay sample

I was diagnosed with Tourette syndrome at six years old. It was a struggle both before and after the diagnosis. For people who do not know what Tourette syndrome is, it’s a neurological disorder that causes me to make loud sounds, have spasms and say or do things that I don’t mean. For example, I grew up with a tic that I rolled my eyes at people. A tic is the movement or noise that occurs when someone has Tourette syndrome. Before I was diagnosed, the eye-rolling tic was the hardest to understand. I was four years old when I started showing symptoms of Tourette syndrome. Therefore, I could not comprehend why rolling your eyes was so disrespectful. In fact, my dad yelled at me all the time because I would roll my eyes at him. I could not control it, but my dad did not seem to understand. We will write a custom essay sample on How Am I Different From You? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My mom however, knew what I was going through because Tourette syndrome is genetic, and it was going through her side of the family. Honestly, if I was born into a different family, one without Tourette syndrome, I do not know if I would make it. Tourette syndrome makes me who I am. In kindergarten, everybody disliked the teacher. Even the kids that did not have her thought she was mean. However, before long, I got to know her and something about her made me like her a lot more than the other children did. At parent teacher conferences, my mom and dad met my first teacher, and she suggested we go see a neurologist because I had been â€Å"twitching.† That is what she called it: twitching. I remember the word she used because yes, it was a twitch, but she did not know what else to call it. Once I learned that it was not a twitch, it was a â€Å"tic,† I became religious in calling it a tic. Anyway, my parents had never heard of Tourette syndrome before, as not many people do. But my pediatric neurologist had told my mom only of the horror stories of Tourette syndrome. My mom was so frightened by these stories that once she got home she lied down and cried. To this day, I hate seeing my mom cry, especially because she was so scared by the doctor that she did not want to live with it. After all, she lived with it alone for her entire life. Her parents did not know what it was, because she would always hide it. My mom did not want that for me. So instead of leaving it as it was, my mom put me on medications to decrease my symptoms, making school, home, church†¦everything better for me. It was medicine after medicine up until I turned 16 years old. I think this was the hardest part because of all of the different side effects that come with every medication. One medicine, Haldol, turned me into a zombie. The next medicine, Risperdal, made me gain thirty pounds in about a year which is a lot especially for a ten year old. These side effects were horrific, and caused so many internal and external changes. But overall, I am still unique. I am my own person because I have Tourette syndrome. I do not know where I would be without it. Growing up with Tourette syndrome is definitely a struggle, but inclusively, it has made me who I really am My mom always tells me how compassionate I am, and that she thinks if I did not have Tourette syndrome, it would be completely different. I hate it sometimes, but my Tourette syndrome gets me through the day. At the end of the day, I know what truly makes me who I am. I do not think anybody else could have expressed the same feelings as me because everybody’s story is different, especially mine.

Introduction of Marijuana Essay Example

Introduction of Marijuana Essay The use of marijuana has been an active past time for thousands of years, however, it did not reach the United States until around 1912. A wave of Mexican immigrants was entering the country in the effort to find work; with them came marijuana. The use of marijuana was a normal custom among the Mexican people, but the White Americans in towns bordering Mexico saw the use of this particular plant in a different light. Fueled with racism and frustration associated with the lack of work for the American people, whites proclaimed that the smoking of marijuana gave the Mexicans super-human strength and transformed those who smoked it into violent murderers. With the increase in rumors of bloodshed and mayhem brought about by Mexicans on marijuana-rampages, the city council of El, Paso, Texas passed a law, the El Paso Ordinance of 1914, banning the possession of marijuana (Grass: The History of Marijuana). As a result, the regulation not only provided a way to control marijuana, but Mexicans as well. THE FEDERAL BUREAU OF NARCOTICS AND UNIFROM STATE NARCOTIC LAW Meanwhile, those Americans who did not reside in states bordering Mexico were quite unfamiliar with the use of marijuana, and were much more concerned with the then current war on opium, morphine, cocaine, and heroin addiction plaguing society. In the early 1930’s the United States government decided that these public health issues of addiction could be handled by the United States Department of Treasury, who in turn established the Federal Bureau of Narcotics (R. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction of Marijuana specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction of Marijuana specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction of Marijuana specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer J. Bonnie, 1970). Harry J. Anslinger was assigned as the Commissioner of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics. Anslinger was an alcohol prohibitionist who believed that â€Å"progress can only be achieved by controlling the deprived impulses of the masses†; he believed that if laws implemented in society were strict enough and if enough people were punished for partaking in prohibited acts, the public would steer away from wrongdoing. Anslinger believed this same philosophy would work in America’s war against dope. However, Anslinger found it hard to regulate drug use in all 48 states; he was only one man and during the Depression, it was difficult to find financial backing for such a feat. Anslinger sought the solution to his problem among the forty-eight states of America; he aimed to influence each state to individually control drug use and trafficking among its citizens. Anslinger planned to do this by getting each state to sign a joint agreement that would commit a portion of each state’s resources to the drug control, the Uniform State Narcotic Law. However, only nine states agreed (New York, New Jersey, Virginia, South Carolina, Louisiana, Florida, and Indiana), the other states believed that the agreement allowed the federal government to interfere with state affairs (Grass, 1999). Meanwhile, New Orleans was a major port city that trafficked marijuana into the United States by way of West Indian sailors. It was known as muggles, tea, or reefer on the streets of New Orleans, and grew extremely popular among the jazz crowd in the city due to the proclamation that music sounded notably better after a â€Å"reefer stick†. Musicians began to bring marijuana from New Orleans to cities farther north up the Mississippi River, increasing the drug’s popularity in larger cities of America. With this growing popularity and awareness, Anslinger saw targeting marijuana as the means to his end; he concluded that if he could convince white America that marijuana was an absolute menace, the frightened voters would push their state legislature to agree to his Uniform State Narcotic Law (R. J. Bonnie, 1970). The media was Anslinger’s primary weapon in leading all Americans to believe that marijuana was the most dangerous social issue that had ever faced the country; the use of marijuana was tied to the likes of murder, insanity and death; mothers were told to protect their children from becoming slaves to the drug and movies were made linking the smoking of marijuana with immediate insanity, murderous rage or committing suicide (Grass, 1999). The negative propaganda eventually obtained a firm grasp on the minds of the American people, one by one, each state signed the Uniform State Narcotic Law; Anslinger’s method of exaggeration and manipulation went according plan. THE MARIJUANA STAMP ACT A frightened America demanded that society be protected by the threat of marijuana, and sought relief within the power of the federal government. On June 14, 1937, the Marijuana Tax Act was signed into law by President Roosevelt without any â€Å"public debate, scientific inquiry, or political objection† (Grass, 1999). The act prohibited the possession of any marijuana unless one also possessed a marijuana tax stamp which was provided by the Department of Treasury, however, in order to obtain a stamp act, one had to present to authorities his or her amount of marijuana, which was illegal in and of itself. Through this extremely misleading form of legislation, the Department of Treasury effectively made marijuana possession illegal, and subsequently lead to hundreds of arrests. LA GUARDIA VERSUS ANSLINGER The enactment of the Marijuana Stamp Act brought with it skepticism from many white Americans, especially in the northeast region of the country. Those who opposed the Stamp Act believed that its implementation brought with it the return of prohibition, an aspect of legislation they did not want to see in existence again (R. Dietch, 2003). Fiorello La Guardia was the mayor of New York during Anslinger’s relentless crusade against marijuana’s use and possession, and he too was against prohibition and the criminalization of marijuana. La Guardia was skeptical of the claims that were made by the federal government in relation to the effects the use has on the mind, and consequently lead a committee of 31 impartial scientists in the investigation of the physical and mental effects marijuana use has on a human being. The La Guardia Committee Report was conducted for five years (1939 – 1944) in which it concluded that the effects of marijuana use did not agree with the perception of the Commissioner of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics; a perception forced upon and used to frighten the people of America. The report stated that the use of marijuana did not â€Å"lead to violent or antisocial behavior, did not cause uncontrollable sexual urges, and did not alter a person’s basic personality structure† (Grass, 1999). Also, unlike the claims made by the federal government, the information provided by the La Guardia Committee Report, entitled The Marihuana Problem in the City of New York, was supported by scientific evidence and testimony from marijuana users (R. Deitch, 2003). In response to the threat of his credibility, Anslinger had the report discredited and destroyed all copies that he was able to obtain; he labeled the authors as â€Å"dangerous men† and referred to the evidence in the report as â€Å"giddy sociology and medical mumbo-jumbo† (M. Booth, 2005). The determined Anslinger did not allow the plights of science to diverge from him from his course; he targeted the degenerate moral influence of actors and musician in the entertainment industry, â€Å"the missionaries carrying its evil gospel to the world† (M. Booth, 2005). Anslinger obtained control not only over movie contracts, but pilot and book contracts as well; he gained control over the film industry and spent $220 million in the production of films that supported his views in relation to the dangerous effects marijuana could have on one’s life. Musicians were also targeted, especially black jazz musicians; he believed black jazz musicians were the source of this reefer evil, and white marijuana smokers were merely corrupted by black influence through their mainstream music (M. Booth, 2005). RED CHINA AND THE NARCOTIC CONTROL ACT OF 1956 With the approach of the 1950s, the number of heroin addicts was increasing, especially among young teens. Crimes of theft were high among these strung out teenagers who turned to illegal acts in an effort to support their drug habit. Anslinger and the federal government saw an opportunity in this new heroin craze, and deemed marijuana use the reason for the increase in heroin addicts; â€Å"if you smoke it, you will become a heroin addict† (R. J. Bonnie, 1970). With the new fabricated association between marijuana and heroin, tougher laws and greater penalties were demanded by the public for all drug offenses. Anslinger was quick to play on the growing fear of communism among the American people; he began to proclaim that behind every narcotics drug peddler was a communist â€Å"ready to overthrow the government† (Grass, 1999). Anslinger cleverly linked China as the direct source of the opiates that so many American people were becoming addicted to; it was believed by the public that â€Å"Red China† was trying to infiltrate America via the heroin needle (L. Sloman, 1998). In an effort not to appear nationally weak in the midst of a cold war and during the threat of the Red Menace, and without any physical proof that the Chinese were behind the rise of opiates in the United States, Truman signed the Boggs Act of 1951 which implemented mandatory minimum sentences for all drug offenses. THE DECRIMINALIZATION OF MARIJUANA The passing of the Boggs act was followed by the passage of the Narcotic Control Act of 1956, which placed marijuana in the same category as heroin; the mandatory minimum sentence for possession of marijuana could result in 2 – 10 years in prison (R. J. Bonnie, 1970). Some states placed even harsher punishments for the possession of narcotics; in Missouri a 2nd conviction could place the defendant in prison for life. Anslinger’s ruthless campaign against the criminalization of marijuana finally came to an end in 1961 under the administration of former President John F. Kennedy in which he warned his successor that â€Å"the impending drug revolution is an assault on the foundation of western civilization†. Between the years of 1941 and 1963, the federal government spent $1. 5 billion on the â€Å"war against marijuana†. The use of marijuana was a new craze among college campuses in the mid 1960s, many of those who smoked marijuana no longer held the view depicting it as a dangerous substance, but as a way of declaring their independence. The new commissioner of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, Henry Giordano, began to publicize that the use of marijuana will make one an â€Å"unmotivated, dysfunctional loser† (Grass, 1999). Nixon continued to focus on drug crimes by pouring significant amounts of money into the training, equipping, and educating local policemen in recognizing evidence related to marijuana use. Minorities were not the only individuals being convicted for the possession of marijuana; those who were being arrested for marijuana charges consisted mainly of middle-class, white, American teenagers. As a matter of fact, the number of convicted young people was so high that the public began wonder if the legislation against marijuana was too strict; the laws were then seen as the problem in society, not marijuana. The passage of the Controlled Substance Act of 1970 officially reduced the penalty for possession of marijuana (L. Sloman, 1998). Between 1964 and 1969 the amount of money used in the control of marijuana use and possession was estimated to be $9 billion. As Nixon continued spend millions of dollars in the establishment of the Drug Enforcement Agency, many American citizens began to seek the decriminalization of private use and possession of marijuana. This sudden public desire for the decriminalization of marijuana could be tied to its use no longer being a youth phenomenon; middle class adults had begun smoking marijuana during social activities and the push for the legalization of marijuana began. The Ann Arbor City Ordinance of 1972 placed marijuana possession to a minor offense, comparable to a traffic ticket. The control of marijuana use is still significant today, though the laws and regulations for the possession and use of marijuana have become notably less strict in comparison to the laws that were implemented during the 1920s. Between the Jimmy Carter Administration and throughout the Regan Administration, the United States of America spent approximately $290 billion in its efforts to control the drugs on the streets of the country (Grass, 1999). THE WAR ON DRUGS America’s need to abolish the use of marijuana stemmed from the racial prejudice against Mexican immigrants and African Americans, and was fueled by false proclamations and loosely associated consequences. The War on Drugs resulted in a grand total of over $300 billion spent; this battle is surely to go down in history as one of the most lengthy and costly wars this nation has ever experienced with no end in sight.

Free Essays on Performing Music

Performing Music â€Å"The etymological affiliations of ‘perform’ lie with the old French perfournir, ‘to furnish or supply.’ And performers, indeed, furnish music, bring it to consciousness, in a profound sense bring it into being,† (Plantinga 279). As an aural art, music only ‘lives’ when it is heard. It has as many incarnations as performers and performances, each one distinctly different. A responsible performer must intimately understand each piece he will perform, not only the notes on the page, but its historical background. Several things must be understood before one can perform a piece successfully. First, a performer must analyze the piece, determine its form and harmonic structure. Second, the performer must understand the historical context of the piece. While performers debate the necessity of recreating an historically accurate performance, most agree that understanding a composers intentions for a piece aids in its performance. When these elements are combined with the performers own musical voice, a truly inspiring performance can result. A performer must analyze a piece before performing it. Besides aiding in memorization, the analysis will give the performer direction. By identifying the form and harmonic structure of a piece, a performer can find those moments of tension and release. For instance, at the end of the cadenza in Beethoven’s Piano Concerto in c minor, Op. 37 on finds an interesting moment of tension. Cadenzas from the period generally ended on a dominant seventh chord before returning to the home key in the coda. This cadenza, however, uses the customary trill at the end of the cadenza to modulate to f minor, the sub-dominant chord of c minor; then it moves to the final cadence in c minor. By delaying the return to the home key, Beethoven increased the tension already created by the exceptionally long cadenza. Pieces are full of such moment and a performer must find al... Free Essays on Performing Music Free Essays on Performing Music Performing Music â€Å"The etymological affiliations of ‘perform’ lie with the old French perfournir, ‘to furnish or supply.’ And performers, indeed, furnish music, bring it to consciousness, in a profound sense bring it into being,† (Plantinga 279). As an aural art, music only ‘lives’ when it is heard. It has as many incarnations as performers and performances, each one distinctly different. A responsible performer must intimately understand each piece he will perform, not only the notes on the page, but its historical background. Several things must be understood before one can perform a piece successfully. First, a performer must analyze the piece, determine its form and harmonic structure. Second, the performer must understand the historical context of the piece. While performers debate the necessity of recreating an historically accurate performance, most agree that understanding a composers intentions for a piece aids in its performance. When these elements are combined with the performers own musical voice, a truly inspiring performance can result. A performer must analyze a piece before performing it. Besides aiding in memorization, the analysis will give the performer direction. By identifying the form and harmonic structure of a piece, a performer can find those moments of tension and release. For instance, at the end of the cadenza in Beethoven’s Piano Concerto in c minor, Op. 37 on finds an interesting moment of tension. Cadenzas from the period generally ended on a dominant seventh chord before returning to the home key in the coda. This cadenza, however, uses the customary trill at the end of the cadenza to modulate to f minor, the sub-dominant chord of c minor; then it moves to the final cadence in c minor. By delaying the return to the home key, Beethoven increased the tension already created by the exceptionally long cadenza. Pieces are full of such moment and a performer must find al...

Enlish Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Enlish Literature - Essay Example son narrative by a character named Jack but his role is limited because he just percepts what had happened in Dummy’s life without going for deeper analysis. So, Dummy’s possessiveness with his stools, his grief over fish’s death and finally murder of his wife and the resultant suicide were all presented in the form of narration by young Jack without any analysis of the characters’ mindset. Even the killing of his wife was handled without indepth analysis. â€Å"Did in his wife with a hammer and drowned himself† (Craver). Based on the average number of words per sentence in the first three paragraphs of this story, the construction of the sentences, and the vocabulary used, one can easily assume that the intellectual level of the narrator is on the lower side. That is, Jack being a boy, his spoken words or narration was less matured and borders mostly on continuous narration, without scope for analysis. So, because of this continuous narration without any assessment, the intellectual level of the narration is directly consistent with Jacks apparent inability to analyze and explain the events which he describes in the

Teacher accountability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Teacher accountability - Essay Example It will also argue in favor of releasing these evaluation results to the public. Additionally, the paper will include the arguments that may oppose the inclusions of the above recommendations in the evaluation programs. Evaluation programs The implementation of change has been reluctant as teachers feel their efforts in the classroom are not effectively considered in the evaluation programs (Nathan, 2009). According to Nathan (2009), the activities in the classroom should be vastly included in the evaluation programs. The author further argues that the activities in the classroom can change the level at which students are exposed to quality education. Evaluation programs used in evaluating programs are; I. Classroom activities Classroom activities refer to the tutor initiatives created in the classroom setting. When evaluating teachers, their efforts in the classroom should constitute a majority of the tools used. This is because teachers spend most of their institutional time in cla ssrooms and acquiring instructor skills. This makes it fair for any evaluation process to greatly consider these efforts. Lareau (1987) argues that classroom evaluation should be the only tool to be considered when evaluating teachers; thirty percent inclusion in the evaluation programs would be important in understanding the ways in which tutors perform in classrooms (Lareau, 1987). Classroom activities make ups seventy percent of all the evaluation tools used on students (Nathan, 2009). Classroom activities include: Continuous assessment tests- written or oral test during mid-terms and the beginning of the term Student participation in group projects- this includes assessments on a student’s ability to work in a group and their success in it. Writing projects and research papers- this evaluates a student’s ability to carry out their own analysis on specific topic as guided by the tutor Routine assignments- routine assignments refer to activities assigned by teachers in regards to research question on a specific learning task Creation of assessment personal assessment tools- tutors help students develop personal assessment tools that help then evaluate their classroom progress Daily class attendance II. Feedback from principles In traditional evaluation programs, principals provided all the required information about teachers in a particular institution. A principal’s contribution can be based on friendship or any other social ills. In this case, principals should only provide the curriculum that an institution uses for verification of the teachers’ activities (Nathan, 2009). This is important because value-added data presented by teachers in the classroom are based on the institution’s curriculum which is mostly created and scrutinized by principles. This argument also supports the fact that value-added data should be included in the programs that evaluate teachers. III. Requirements from the curriculum Lareau (1987) argues that teachers rarely operate under their own consent, which means that the curriculum provided to them by the government is what they present to the classroom. The only way to be fair in evaluating teachers is through the consideration of the curriculum and how the curriculum is presented in the classroom. 30% of the value-added data based on the curriculum

Biomes and Diversity Essay Example for Free

Biomes and Diversity Essay Extinction is a natural selection process. Should humans strive to preserve a representative sample of all biomes or aquatic zones? Why should humans be concerned with the extinction rate? In my own opinion No but as u read more about it some things need to be preserved. For instance animals help the crops of the foods that we eat. Snakes help to cure different diseases. Humans help the plants and animals to grow. The fact that human beings are a species means that they depend on many other species that exist in the world. If an animal becomes extinct, this can have a knock on effect to other species, and humans would inevitably be affected by the species becoming extinct. Humans also have a built in instinct to survive, as do other species of animals. It is not surprising, therefore, that humans feel the need to try and extend the life span of some species, as they would probably feel that if it came to it, that something would try and prolong the existence of humans. Humans should be concerned with the extinction rate, because the human population is growing and we need all the air, land, and animals to survive. There are humans that don’t quite understand that we have to preserve our land because we will be extinct sooner than later due to our big population.

The Human Genome Project (HGP) Essay -- sustainability of the human po

Has the Human Genome Project created viable mechanisms that enable or disable the sustainability of the human population? The definition of sustainability is â€Å"the ability to be upheld or defended† (Oxford South African Pocket Dictionary, 2006, p912.). The sustainability of the human population has been one of the most imperial factors in terms of our existence. From every realm of profession, thinkers all over the world have been looking for ideas that would give us a secure way to definitely increase our longevity. This is why I believe the discovery of the human genome has opened many windows of opportunities that securely sustain our existence due to providing information about terminal diseases. The discovery of the human genome has led to innovative methods that have provided the purest understanding of the human anatomy. In conjunction, the mapping of the human genome has created mechanisms that allow the human population to be less susceptible to diseases. The Human Genome Project (HGP) was as international biological research that was co-ordinated by the National Institute of Health and the U.S. Department of Energy in the year of 1990. The HGP had a primary goal of mapping out and sequencing the nucleotides that are present in the fundamental structure DNA, identify all the genes and develop faster methods of mapping out DNA. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Deoxyribonucleic acid is â€Å"a self-replicating material which is present in all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes; it is also the carrier of genetic information† (Oxford Dictionary online, no date). This structure is located in the nucleus and is made up of a sugar molecule (deoxyribose), a Phosphate molecule (P) and four nitrogenous bases: ad... ...ine] retrieved from: http://www.animalgenome.org/edu/doe/prim2.html [2014/05/07]. Time:01:08AM The Oxford South African Pocket Dictionary (2006). 3rd Edition. Oxford University Press. The American Heritage Dictionary (2013). 5th Edition. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt [online]. Retrieved from: http://www.yourdictionary.com/blastomere (2014/03/17) The Oxford English Dictionary [online]. Oxford University Press. Available from: http://www.oxford.co.uk The structure of DNA [illustration] http://images.flatworldknowledge.com/ballgob/ballgob-fig19_006.jpg Assessed: UCSC (2003) What is the human genome [online] Available: https://cbse.soe.ucsc.edu/research/human_genome Assessed (2014/03/15) Time: 10:00AM W. Gregory F., Alan E. G., Francis S. C. (2010). Genomic Medicine — An Updated Primer. The Journal of the American Medical Association. Volume 362. Pp. 2001-2011

Foundation and Empire 11. Bride And Groom

THE MULE Less is known of â€Å"The Mule† than of any character of comparable significance to Galactic history. Even the period of his greatest renown is known to us chiefly through the eyes of his antagonists and, principally, through those of a young bride†¦ Encyclopedia Galactica Bayta's first sight of Haven was entirely the contrary of spectacular. Her husband pointed it out – a dull star lost in the emptiness of the Galaxy's edge. It was past the last sparse clusters, to where straggling points of light gleamed lonely. And even among these it was poor and inconspicuous. Toran was quite aware that as the earliest prelude to married life, the Red Dwarf lacked impressiveness and his lips curled self-consciously. â€Å"I know, Bay – It isn't exactly a proper change, is it? I mean from the Foundation to this.† â€Å"A horrible change, Toran. I should never have married you.† And when his face looked momentarily hurt, before he caught himself, she said with her special â€Å"cozy† tone, â€Å"All right, silly. Now let your lower lip droop and give me that special dying-duck look – the one just before you're supposed to bury your head on my shoulder, while I stroke your hair full of static electricity. You were fishing for some drivel, weren't you? You were expecting me to say ‘I'd be happy anywhere with you, Toran!' or ‘The interstellar depths themselves would be home, my sweet, were you but with me!' Now you admit it.† She pointed a finger at him and snatched it away an instant before his teeth closed upon it. He said, â€Å"If I surrender, and admit you're right, will you prepare dinner?† She nodded contentedly. He smiled, and just looked at her. She wasn't beautiful on the grand scale to others – he admitted that – even if everybody did look twice. Her hair was dark and glossy, though straight, her mouth a bit wide – but her meticulous, close-textured eyebrows separated a white, unlined forehead from the warmest mahogany eyes ever filled with smiles. And behind a very sturdily-built and staunchly-defended facade of practical, unromantic, hard-headedness towards life, there was just that little pool of softness that would never show if you poked for it, but could be reached if you knew just how – and never let on that you were looking for it. Toran adjusted the controls unnecessarily and decided to relax. He was one interstellar jump, and then several milli-microparsecs â€Å"on the straight† before manipulation by hand was necessary. He leaned over backwards to look into the storeroom, where Bayta was juggling appropriate containers. There was quite a bit of smugness about his attitude towards Bayta – the satisfied awe that marks the triumph of someone who has been hovering at the edge of an inferiority complex for three years. After all he was a provincial – and not merely a provincial, but the son of a renegade Trader. And she was of the Foundation itself – and not merely that, but she could trace her ancestry back to Mallow. And with all that, a tiny quiver underneath. To take her back to Haven, with its rock-world and cave-cities was bad enough. To have her face the traditional hostility of Trader for Foundation – nomad for city dweller – was worse. Still – After supper, the last jump! Haven was an angry crimson blaze, and the second planet was a ruddy patch of light with atmosphere-blurred rim and a half-sphere of darkness. Bayta leaned over the large view table with its spidering of crisscross lines that centered Haven II neatly. She said gravely, â€Å"I wish I had met your father first. If he takes a dislike to me-â€Å" â€Å"Then,† said Toran matter-of-factly, â€Å"you would be the first pretty girl to inspire that in him. Before he lost his arm and stopped roving around the Galaxy, he – Well, if you ask him about it, he'll talk to you about it till your ears wear down to a nubbin. After a while I got to thinking that he was embroidering; because he never told the same story twice the same way-â€Å" Haven II was rushing up at them now. The landlocked sea wheeled ponderously below them, slate-gray in the lowering dimness and lost to sight, here and there, among the wispy clouds. Mountains jutted raggedly along the coast. The sea became wrinkled with nearness and, as it veered off past the horizon just at the end, there was one vanishing glimpse of shore-hugging ice fields. Toran grunted under the fierce deceleration, â€Å"Is your suit locked?† Bayta's plump face was round and ruddy in the incasing sponge-foam of the internally-heated, skin-clinging costume. The ship lowered crunchingly on the open field just short of the lifting of the plateau. They climbed out awkwardly into the solid darkness of the outer-galactic night, and Bayta gasped as the sudden cold bit, and the thin wind swirled emptily. Toran seized her elbow and nudged her into an awkward run over the smooth, packed ground towards the sparking of artificial light in the distance. The advancing guards met them halfway, and after a whispered exchange of words, they were taken onward. The wind and the cold disappeared when the gate of rock opened and then closed behind them. The warm interior, white with wall-light, was filled with an incongruous humming bustle. Men looked up from their desks, and Toran produced documents. They were waved onward after a short glance and Toran whispered to his wife, â€Å"Dad must have fixed up the preliminaries. The usual lapse here is about five hours.† They burst into the open and Bayta said suddenly, â€Å"Oh, my-â€Å" The cave city was in daylight – the white daylight of a young sun. Not that there was a sun, of course. What should have been the sky was lost in the unfocused glow of an over-all brilliance. And the warm air was properly thick and fragrant with greenery. Bayta said, â€Å"Why, Toran, it's beautiful.† Toran grinned with anxious delight. â€Å"Well, now, Bay, it isn't like anything on the Foundation, of course, but it's the biggest city on Haven II – twenty thousand people, you know – and you'll get to like it. No amusement palaces, I'm afraid, but no secret police either.† â€Å"Oh, Torie, it's just like a toy city. It's all white and pink – and so clean.† â€Å"Well-† Toran looked at the city with her. The houses were two stories high for the most part, and of the smooth vein rock indigenous to the region. The spires of the Foundation were missing, and the colossal community houses of the Old Kingdoms – but the smallness was there and the individuality; a relic of personal initiative in a Galaxy of mass life. He snapped to sudden attention. â€Å"Bay – There's Dad! Right there – where I'm pointing, silly. Don't you see him?† She did. It was just the impression of a large man, waving frantically, fingers spread wide as though groping wildly in air. The deep thunder of a drawn-out shout reached them. Bayta trailed her husband, rushing downwards over the close-cropped lawn. She caught sight of a smaller man, white-haired, almost lost to view behind the robust One-arm, who still waved and still shouted. Toran cried over his shoulder, â€Å"It's my father's half-brother. The one who's been to the Foundation. You know.† They met in the grass, laughing and incoherent, and Toran's father let out a final whoop for sheer joy. He hitched at his short jacket and adjusted the metal-chased belt that was his one concession to luxury. His eyes shifted from one of the youngsters to the other, and then he said, a little out of breath, â€Å"You picked a rotten day to return home, boy!† â€Å"What? Oh, it is Seldon's birthday, isn't it?† â€Å"It is. I had to rent a car to make the trip here, and dragoon Randu to drive it. Not a public vehicle to be had at gun's point.† His eyes were on Bayta now, and didn't leave. He spoke to her more softly, â€Å"I have the crystal of you right here – and it's good, but I can see the fellow who took it was an amateur.† He had the small cube of transparency out of his jacket pocket and in the light the laughing little face within sprang to vivid colored life as a miniature Bayta. â€Å"That one!† said Bayta. â€Å"Now I wonder why Toran should send that caricature. I'm surprised you let me come near you, sir.† â€Å"Are you now? Call me Fran. I'll have none of this fancy mess. For that, I think you can take my arm, and we'll go on to the car. Till now I never did think my boy knew what he was ever up to. I think I'll change that opinion. I think I'll have to change that opinion.† Toran said to his half uncle softly, â€Å"How is the old man these days? Does he still hound the women?† Randu puckered up all over his face when he smiled. â€Å"When he can, Toran, when he can. There are times when he remembers that his next birthday will be his sixtieth, and that disheartens him. But he shouts it down, this evil thought, and then he is himself. He is a Trader of the ancient type. But you, Toran. Where did you find such a pretty wife?† The young man chuckled and linked arms. â€Å"Do you want a three years' history at a gasp, uncle?† It was in the small living room of the home that Bayta struggled out of her traveling cloak and hood and shook her hair loose. She sat down, crossing her knees, and returned the appreciative stare of this large, ruddy man. She said, â€Å"I know what you're trying to estimate, and I'll help you; Age, twenty-four, height, five-four, weight, one-ten, educational specialty, history.† She noticed that he always crooked his stand so as to hide the missing arm. But now Fran leaned close and said, â€Å"Since you mention it – weight, one-twenty.† He laughed loudly at her flush. Then he said to the company in general, â€Å"You can always tell a woman's weight by her upper arm – with due experience, of course. Do you want a drink, Bay?† â€Å"Among other things,† she said, and they left together, while Toran busied himself at the book shelves to check for new additions. Fran returned alone and said, â€Å"She'll be down later.† He lowered himself heavily into the large comer chair and placed his stiff-jointed left leg on the stool before it. The laughter had left his red face, and Toran turned to face him. Fran said, â€Å"Well, you're home, boy, and I'm glad you are. I like your woman. She's no whining ninny.† â€Å"I married her,† said Toran simply. â€Å"Well, that's another thing altogether, boy.† His eyes darkened. â€Å"It's a foolish way to tie up the future. In my longer life, and more experienced, I never did such a thing.† Randu interrupted from the comer where he stood quietly. â€Å"Now Franssart, what comparisons are you making? Till your crash landing six years ago you were never in one spot long enough to establish residence requirements for marriage, And since then, who would have you?† The one-armed man jerked erect in his seat and replied hotly, â€Å"Many, you snowy dotard-â€Å" Toran said with hasty tact, â€Å"It's largely a legal formality, Dad. The situation has its conveniences.† â€Å"Mostly for the woman,† grumbled Fran. â€Å"And even if so,† agreed Randu, â€Å"it's up to the boy to decide. Marriage is an old custom among the Foundationers.† â€Å"The Foundationers are not fit models for an honest Trader,† smoldered Fran. Toran broke in again, â€Å"My wife is a Foundationer.† He looked from one to the other, and then said quietly, â€Å"She's coming.† The conversation took a general turn after the evening meal, which Fran had spiced with three tales of reminiscence composed of equal parts of blood, women, profits, and embroidery. The small televisor was on, and some classic drama was playing itself out in an unregarded whisper. Randu had hitched himself into a more comfortable position on the low couch and gazed past the slow smoke of his long pipe to where Bayta had knelt down upon the softness of the white fur mat brought back once long ago from a trade mission and now spread out only upon the most ceremonious occasions. â€Å"You have studied history, my girl?† he asked, pleasantly. Bayta nodded. â€Å"I was the despair of my teachers, but I learned a bit, eventually.† â€Å"A citation for scholarship,† put in Toran, smugly, â€Å"that's all!† â€Å"And what did you learn?† proceeded Randu, smoothly. â€Å"Everything? Now?† laughed the girl. The old man smiled gently. â€Å"Well then, what do you think of the Galactic situation?† â€Å"I think,† said Bayta, concisely, â€Å"that a Seldon crisis is pending – and that if it isn't then away with the Seldon plan altogether. It is a failure.† (â€Å"Whew,† muttered Fran, from his comer. â€Å"What a way to speak of Seldon.† But he said nothing aloud.) Randu sucked at his pipe speculatively. â€Å"Indeed? Why do you say that? I was to the Foundation, you know, in my younger days, and I, too, once thought great dramatic thoughts. But, now, why do you say that?† â€Å"Well,† Bayta's eyes misted with thought as she curled her bare toes into the white softness of the rug and nestled her little chin in one plump hand, â€Å"it seems to me that the whole essence of Seldon's plan was to create a world better than the ancient one of the Galactic Empire. It was failing apart, that world, three centuries ago, when Seldon first established the Foundation – and if history speaks truly, it was falling apart of the triple disease of inertia, despotism, and maldistribution of the goods of the universe.† Randu nodded slowly, while Toran gazed with proud, luminous eyes at his wife, and Fran in the comer clucked his tongue and carefully refilled his glass. Bayta said, â€Å"If the story of Seldon is true, he foresaw the complete collapse of the Empire through his Jaws of psychohistory, and was able to predict the necessary thirty thousand years of barbarism before the establishment of a new Second Empire to restore civilization and culture to humanity. It was the whole aim of his life-work to set up such conditions as would insure a speedier rejuvenation,† The deep voice of Fran burst out, â€Å"And that's why he established the two Foundations, honor be to his name.† â€Å"And that's why he established the two Foundations,† assented Bayta. â€Å"Our Foundation was a gathering of the scientists of the dying Empire intended to carry on the science and learning of man to new heights. And the Foundation was so situated in space and the historical environment was such that through the careful calculations of his genius, Seldon foresaw that in one thousand years, it would become a newer, greater Empire.† There was a reverent silence. The girl said softly, â€Å"It's an old story. You all know it. For almost three centuries every human being of the Foundation has known it. But I thought it would be appropriate to go through it – just quickly. Today is Seldon's birthday, you know, and even if I am of the Foundation, and you are of Haven, we have that in common-â€Å" She lit a cigarette slowly, and watched the glowing tip absently. â€Å"The laws of history are as absolute as the laws of physics, and if the probabilities of error are greater, it is only because history does not deal with as many humans as physics does atoms, so that individual variations count for more. Seldon predicted a series of crises through the thousand years of growth, each of which would force a new turning of our history into a pre-calculated path. It is those crises which direct us – and therefore a crisis must come now. â€Å"Now!† she repeated, forcefully. â€Å"It's almost a century since the last one, and in that century, every vice of the Empire has been repeated in the Foundation. Inertia! Our ruling class knows one law; no change. Despotism! They know one rule; force. Maldistribution! They know one desire; to hold what is theirs.† â€Å"While others starve!† roared Fran suddenly with a mighty blow of his fist upon the arm of his chair. â€Å"Girl, your words are pearls. The fat guts on their moneybags ruin the Foundation, while the brave Traders hide their poverty on dregs of worlds like Haven. It's a disgrace to Seldon, a casting of dirt in his face, a spewing in his beard.† He raised his arm high, and then his face lengthened. â€Å"If I had my other arm! If – once – they had listened to me!† â€Å"Dad,† said Toran, â€Å"take it easy.† â€Å"Take it easy. Take it easy,† his father mimicked savagely. â€Å"We'll live here and die here forever – and you say, take it easy.† â€Å"That's our modern Lathan Devers,† said Randu, gesturing with his pipe, â€Å"this Fran of ours. Devers died in the slave mines eighty years ago with your husband's great-grandfather, because he lacked wisdom and didn't lack heart-â€Å" â€Å"Yes, by the Galaxy, I'd do the same if I were he,† swore Fran. â€Å"Devers was the greatest Trader in history – greater than the overblown windbag, Mallow, the Foundationers worship. If the cutthroats who lord the Foundation killed him because he loved justice, the greater the blood-debt owed them.† â€Å"Go on, girl,† said Randu. â€Å"Go on, or, surely, he'll talk a the night and rave all the next day.† â€Å"There's nothing to go on about,† she said, with a sudden gloom. â€Å"There must be a crisis, but I don't know how to make one. The progressive forces on the Foundation are oppressed fearfully. You Traders may have the will, but you are hunted and disunited. If all the forces of good will in and out of the Foundation could combine-â€Å" Fran's laugh was a raucous jeer. â€Å"Listen to her, Randu, listen to her. In and out of the Foundation, she says. Girl, girl, there's no hope in the flab-sides of the Foundation. Among them some hold the whip and the rest are whipped dead whipped. Not enough spunk left in the whole rotten world to outface one good Trader.† Bayta's attempted interruptions broke feebly against the overwhelming wind. Toran leaned over and put a hand over her mouth. â€Å"Dad,† he said, coldly, â€Å"you've never been on the Foundation. You know nothing about it. I tell you that the underground there is brave and daring enough. I could tell you that Bayta was one of them-â€Å" â€Å"All right, boy, no offense. Now, where's the cause for anger?† He was genuinely perturbed. Toran drove on fervently, â€Å"The trouble with you, Dad, is that you've got a provincial outlook. You think because some hundred thousand Traders scurry into holes on an unwanted planet at the end of nowhere, that they're a great people. Of course, any tax collector from the Foundation that gets here never leaves again, but that's cheap heroism. What would you do if the Foundation sent a fleet?† â€Å"We'd blast them,† said Fran, sharply. â€Å"And get blasted – with the balance in their favor. You're outnumbered, outarmed, outorganized – and as soon as the Foundation thinks it worth its while, you'll realize that. So you had better seek your allies – on the Foundation itself, if you can.† â€Å"Randu, said Fran, looking at his brother like a great, helpless bull. Randu took his pipe away from his lips, â€Å"The boy's right, Fran. When you listen to the little thoughts deep inside you, you know he is. But they're uncomfortable thoughts, so you drown them out with that roar of yours. But they're still there. Toran, I'll tell you why I brought all this up.† He puffed thoughtfully awhile, then dipped his pipe into the neck of the tray, waited for the silent flash, and withdrew it clean. Slowly, he filled it again with precise tamps of his little finger. He said, â€Å"Your little suggestion of Foundation's interest in us, Toran, is to the point. There have been two recent visits lately – for tax purposes. The disturbing point is that the second visitor was accompanied by a light patrol ship. They landed in Gleiar City – giving us the miss for a change – and they never lifted off again, naturally. But now they'll surely be back. Your father is aware of all this, Toran, he really is. â€Å"Look at the stubborn rakehell. He knows Haven is in trouble, and he knows we're helpless, but he repeats his formulas. It warms and protects him. But once he's had his say, and roared his defiance, and feels he's discharged his duty as a man and a Bull Trader, why he's as reasonable as any of us.† â€Å"Any of who?† asked Bayta. He smiled at her. â€Å"We've formed a little group, Bayta – just in our city. We haven't done anything, yet. We haven't even managed to contact the other cities yet, but it's a start.† â€Å"But towards what?† Randu shook his head. â€Å"We don't know-yet. We hope for a miracle. We have decided that, as you say, a Seldon crisis must be at hand.† He gestured widely upwards. â€Å"The Galaxy is full of the chips and splinters of the broken Empire. The generals swarm. Do you suppose the time may come when one will grow bold?† Bayta considered, and shook her head decisively, so that the long straight hair with the single inward curl at the end swirled about her ears. â€Å"No, not a chance. There's not one of those generals who doesn't know that an attack on the Foundation is suicide. Bel Riose of the old Empire was a better man than any of them, and he attacked with the resources of a galaxy, and couldn't win against the Seldon Plan. Is there one general that doesn't know that?† â€Å"But what if we spur them on?† â€Å"Into where? Into an atomic furnace? With what could you possibly spur them?† â€Å"Well, there is one – a new one. In this past year or two, there has come word of a strange man whom they call the Mule.† â€Å"The Mule?† She considered. â€Å"Ever hear of him, Torie?† Toran shook his head. She said, â€Å"What about him?† â€Å"I don't know. But he wins victories at, they say, impossible odds. The rumors may be exaggerated, but it would be interesting, in any case, to become acquainted with him. Not every man with sufficient ability and sufficient ambition would believe in Hari Seldon and his laws of psychohistory. We could encourage that disbelief. He might attack.† â€Å"And the Foundation would win.† â€Å"Yes – but not necessarily easily. It might be a crisis, and we could take advantage of such a crisis to force a compromise with the despots of the Foundation. At the worst, they would forget us long enough to enable us to plan farther.† â€Å"What do you think, Torie?† Toran smiled feebly and pulled at a loose brown curl that fell over one eye. â€Å"The way he describes it, it can't hurt; but who is the Mule? What do you know of him, Randu?† â€Å"Nothing yet. For that, we could use you, Toran. And your wife, if she's willing. We've talked of this, your father and I. We've talked of this thoroughly.† â€Å"In what way, Randu? What do you want of us?† The young man cast a quick inquisitive look at his wife. â€Å"Have you had a honeymoon?† â€Å"Well†¦ yes†¦ if you can call the trip from the Foundation a honeymoon.† â€Å"How about a better one on Kalgan? It's semitropical beaches – water sports – bird hunting – quite the vacation spot. It's about seven thousand parsecs in-not too far.† â€Å"What's on Kalgan?† â€Å"The Mule! His men, at least. He took it last month, and without a battle, though Kalgan's warlord broadcast a threat to blow the planet to ionic dust before giving it up.† â€Å"Where's the warlord now?† â€Å"He isn't,† said Randu, with a shrug. â€Å"What do you say?† â€Å"But what are we to do?† â€Å"I don't know. Fran and I are old; we're provincial. The Traders of Haven are all essentially provincial. Even you say so. Our trading is of a very restricted sort, and we're not the Galaxy roamers our ancestors were, Shut up, Fran! But you two know the Galaxy. Bayta, especially, speaks with a nice Foundation accent. We merely wish whatever you can find out. If you can make contact†¦ but we wouldn't expect that. Suppose you two think it over. You can meet our entire group if you wish†¦ oh, not before next week. You ought to have some time to catch your breath.† There was a pause and then Fran roared, â€Å"Who wants; another drink? I mean, besides me?†

Exploring Freedom in Edward Bellamys Looking Backward Essay

The definition of freedom depends entirely on how the phrase â€Å"freedom from†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ends. Perhaps a most straightforward understanding of freedom is the laissez-faire emphasis on limiting the power of government to interfere in economic and social matters. In this state of absolute freedom, however, inequalities exist between people, so that freedom from a controlling government does not imply individuals’ freedom of contract, movement, legal protection, equal rights through citizenship, or political voice. In light of the persistence of slavery in the US through the 19th century, freedom as an individual’s legal status separated people who could be citizens from people who were lifelong slaves. Even among legally free people, economic†¦show more content†¦In Looking Backward, Bellamy outlined one proposal for protecting the freedom and welfare of all citizens through equal access to education, job opportunities, and wealth. Furthermore, he expan ded the term citizen to include women and imagined a system in which men and women contribute equally to industry and home life. In Bellamy’s vision of a future America, the federal government has taken control of almost all aspects of life to maximize productivity and efficiency and to give each citizen an equally high quality of life. The government, unplagued by corruption, manages the education of all children from age 6 to 21 and all aspects of industrial production, the domestic distribution of goods, and foreign trade. All citizens must serve in some capacity in the Industrial Army from age 21 to 45, and are given the same allowance from the government regardless of their occupation, skill level, or age. Throughout the nation, in both rural and urban areas, students follow a single curriculum of mental and physical development, warehouses contain a single wide selection of goods, homes have access to a single long program of recorded music, and local governments have very few powers. Representative democracy is kept, but modified so that voters are organized by trade guild, and only citizens who have excelled